ETIKA PROFESI III

Diposting oleh Febri Satryo

Jumat, 06 Januari 2012

1. Mengapa suatu profesi memerlukan etika ?

Menurut pendapat saya suatu profesi perlu etika karena profesi adalah suatu kegiatan yang harus didasarkan pada suatu etika agar meminimalisir kegiatan yang akan dihasilkan sehingga tidak terjadi kecurangan-kecurangan.

Sehingga di dalam sebuah profesi sangat diperlukan etika dengan tujuan :

Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat profesi.
Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan para anggota.
Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian anggota profesi.
Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.
Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.


2. jelaskan dan contoh penerapan 4 kebutuhan dasar yang harus dipenuhi oleh suatu profesi?
Secara umum pekerjaan dibidang teknologi informasi setidaknya terbagi dalam 4 kelompok :
1. Kelompok Pertama,mereka yang bergelut didunia perangkat lunak (Software), database maupun system aplikasi.

2. Kelompok Kedua, mereka yang bergelut dengan perangkat keras (Hardware)

3.Kelompok Ketiga,mereka yang berkecimpung dalam operasional system informasi.

4. Kelompok Keempat,mereka yang berkecimpung di pengembangan bisnis teknologi informasi.
Mengingat pentingnya teknologi informasi bagi pembangunan bangsa maka pemerintah pun merasa perlu membuat standarisasi pekerjaan dibidang teknologi informasi bagi pegawainya. Institusi pemerintah telah mulai melakukan klasifikasi pekerjaan dalam bidang teknologi sejak 1992, bagaimanapun juga klasifikasi pekerjaan ini mungkin masih belum dapat mengakomodasi klasifikasi pekerjaan pada teknologi informasi secara umum. Terlebih lagi, deskrepsi tentang pekerjaan setiap klasifikasi pekerjaan masih kurang jelas dalam membedakan setiap sel pekerjaan.
Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bekerja dibidang teknologi informasi, disebut juga sebagai pranata komputer. Pranata komputer adalah pegawai negeri sipil yang diberi tugas, wewenang, tanggung jawab serta hak membuat, merawat, dan mengembangkan system, dan atau sebagai pengolahan data dengan komputer.
Pengangkatan Pegawai Negeri Sipil dalam jabatan pranata computer ditetapkan oleh Menteri, Jaksa Agung Pimpinan Lembaga Pemerintahan Nondepartemen dan Gubernur Kepala Daerah Tingkat I.
Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diangkat untuk pertama kali dalam jabatan pranata computer harus memnuhi syarat-syarat sebagai berikut :

• Bekerja pada satuan organisasi instansi pemerintah dan bertugas pokok membuat, memelihara dan mengembangkan system dan atau program pengolahan data dengan computer.
•Berijasah serendah-rendahnya Sarjana Muda (S1) atau Diploma Tiga (D3).
•Memiliki pendidikan atau mempunyai pengalaman melakukan kegiatan dibidang computer.
• Memilioki pengetahuan atau pengalaman dalam bidang tertentu yang berhubungan dengan bidang computer.
•Setiap unsur penilaian pelaksanaan pekerjaan sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik.
Sesuai tugas, tanggung jawab serta nilai-nilai profesionalisme yang harus dimiliki terdapat jenjang dan pangkat pranata computer. Untuk tetap berada pada jalur profesionalitas, pemerintah juga menetapkan bahwa pranata computer harus dapat mengumpulkan angka kredit minimal. Pembebasan dari jabatan pranata computer ditetapkan dengan keputusan pejabat yang berwenang mengangkat dan memberhentikan pejabat pranata computer atau pejabat lain yang ditunjuknya.
Pejabat pranata computer diberhentikan dari jabatannya, apabila pejabat pranata computer yang telah dibebaskan sementara dari jabatannya sebagaimana dimaksudkan dalam angka IX angka 2 huruf a. surat edaran bersama ini tidak dapat mengumpulkan angka kredit yang diprsyaratkan dalam waktu 3 tahun setelah pembebasan sementara.

Selain itu, pejabat pranata computer juga dapat diberhentikan dari jabatannya, apabila pejabat tersebut dijatuhi hukuman disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil berdasarkan peraturan pemerintah No.30 Tahun 1980 dengan tingkat hukumandisiplin berat yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hokum yang tetap.
Profesionalisme harus dipandang sebagai proses yang terus menerus. Dalam proses ini pendidikan prajabatan termasuk dalam penataran, pembinaan dari organisasi dan tempat kerja, penghargaan masyarakat terhadap profesi, penegakan kode etik , sertifikasi, peningkatan kualitas pekerja, imbalan, dan sebagainya, secara bersama-sama menentukan pengembangan profesionalisme pekerja di bidang teknologi informasi.

Bidang teknologi informasi tergolong bidang baru dibandingkan dengan bidang-bidang pekerjaan lainnya. Hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya kelangkaan sumber daya manusia dan tenaga kerja dibidang ini. Untuk mengatasi kelangkaan tenaga kerja tersebut perlu dilakukan langkah-langkah terpadu untuk mempersiapkan sumber daya manusia dibidang tersebut sejak dini. Apalagi Indonesia yang dikenal sebagai pengirim tenaga kerja ke luar negeri, memiliki potensi untuk mengirimkan tenaga kerja terlatih.
Beberapa hal yang dilakukan di Indonesia antara lain adalah membuka berbagai program pendidikan di bidang teknologi informasi, selain tingkat pendidikan formal, diperlukan juga kegiatan-kegiatan pendidikan nonformal seperti missal kursus-kursus bidang TI, sampai pada sertifikasi. Tetapi, pendidikan dalam bentuk training umumnya biayanya cukup mahal. Oleh karena itu dikembangkan paket-paket pelatihan yang terjangkau. Dalam hal ini, peran pemerintah sangat diperlukan dalam rangka membantu proses pendidikan tersebut dari sisi pengurangan biaya pendidikan maupun penambahan fasilitas yang lebih memadai.

Sertifikasi merupakan salah satu cara untuk melakukan standarisasi sebuah profesi. Atau paling tidak, sertifikasi merupakan lambang dari sebuah profesionalisme.

Standarisasi dan sertifikasi dapatdilakukan oleh badan-badan resmi yang ditunjuk pemerintah atau dilakukan juga oleh industri secara langsung atau yang disebut vendor certification, memang industrilah yang lebih mengetahui kebutuhan tenaga kerja atau sumber daya manusia yang sesuai untuk mereka.
Tujuan umum sebuah profesi adalah memnuhi tanggung jawabnya dengan standar profesionalisme tinggi sesuai bidangnya, mencapai tingkat kinerja yang tinggi, dengan orientasi kepada kepentingan public. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut kebutuhan dasar yang harus dipenuhi sebuah profesi yaitu kredibilitas,Profesionalisme,Kualitas jasa, dan Kepercayaan.

Di Indonesia sudah berdiri sebuah orgsanisasi profesi dibidang computer sejak tahun 1974 yang bernama IPKIN. Pada awal berdirinya IPKIN memang bukan merupakan organisasi. IPKIN saat itu merupakan singkatan dari Ikatan Pengguna Komputer Indonesia, yang beranggotakan para praktisi pengguna computer di Indonesia. Namun seiring perkembangannya, IPKIN berganti nama menjadi Ikatan Profesi Komputer dan Informatika Indonesia (Indonesian Computer Sosiety – ICS).

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Tugas Soft Skill II Profesi Akuntansi

Diposting oleh Febri Satryo

Rabu, 30 November 2011

1. Berilah contoh penerapan etika dalam dunia bisnis di era perdagangan bebas saat ini? Min 5!
2. Bagaimana pendapat saudara terhadap pernyataan-pernyataan “kompetisi adalah konsep, mereka yang berhasil adalah yang mahir menghancurkan musuh-musuhnya” ?
3. Sebutkan contoh penerapan dari prinsip-prinsip GCG pada BUMN? Min 2 contoh tiap masih-masing prinsip!
Jawab !
1. Contoh penerapan etika bisnis :
A) Setiap pelaku bisnis harus membayar upah para pekerja sesuai dengan standar dan klasifikasi jenjang karir para pekerjanya.
B) Para pelaku bisnis harus mempunyai sikap yang professional dengan tidak melakukan kecurangan terhadap pembeli serta pesaing (secara sehat).
C) Para pelaku bisnis wajib mematuhi peraturan yang berlaku disetiap bidang pekerjaan di suatu Negara.
D) Memperhatikan lingkungan sekitar.
E) Para pelaku bisnis diharapkan mampu bertindak atas pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh karyawannya sesuai dengan hukum yang berlaku.
2. Menurut saya pendapat itu tidak seluruhnya benar, dengan cara pernyataan seperti itu maka akan terjadi para pelaku bisnis yang melakukan segala hal cara untuk menjadi halal untuk melebihi para pesaingnya. Tetapi dengan adanya konsep tersebut para pelaku bisnis akan mengeluarkan segala kemampuan yang dimiliki secara professional akan menimbulkan kesan yang baik bagi para pelaku bisnis dan masyarakat luas.
3. Prinsip-prinsip GCG pada BUMN :
A) Transparansi
Contoh :
a. sebagai bentuk transparansi laporan ke publik, BNI juga mendapat penghargaan kategori BUMN Financial Listed dengan Laporan Tahunan terbaik.
b. Masalah seleksi (rekruitment) organ BUMN seringkali dilakukan secara tertutup, beraroma kolusi dan nepotisme yang menandakan bahwa tidak adanya transparansi dalam rekrutmen pejabat BUMN
B) Pengungkapan
Contoh :
a. Melaporkan hasil kinerja perusahaan secara berkala dan berkesinambungan melalui laporan keuangan perusahaan public yang telah diinformasikan kepada masyarakat
b. Menginformasikan kepada public tentang informasi tentang perusahaan yang telah diperiksa oleh auditor internal dan auditor independent
C) Kewajaran
Contoh :
a. Adil dalam pembagian deviden/keuntungan saham perusahaan sesuai persentase kepemilikan
b. Pengambilan keputusan dilakukan secara demokrasi dan aklamasi para pejabat perusahaan
D) Pertanggungjawaban
Contoh :
a. Setiap karyawan dan para pejabat memiliki pekerjaan atau pertanggungjawaban masing-masing, sehingga tidak diharuskan untuk mencampuri pekerjaan dari divisi yang lain.
b. pertanggungjawaban pengusaha instalasi nuklir dalam RUUK adalah ''pertanggungjawaban absolut''. Artinya, jika terjadi kecelakaan nuklir hanya pengusaha (dalam istilah konvensi-konvensi internasional adalah operator) yang bertanggung jawab. Dikaitkan dengan kecelakaan PLTN, maka pengusaha PLTN itulah yang bertanggung jawab. Pihak korban atau pihak ketiga dibebaskan dari tangung jawab, jika mereka dapat menunjukkan bahwa kerugian yang diderita bersumber dari kecelakaan nuklir.
E) Kemandirian
Contoh :
a. Kasus penjualan kapal tangker oleh PT Pertamina merupakan contoh mengenai kemandirian direksi dalam pengambilan keputusan bisnis yang dianggap tidak tepat sehingga menimbulkan kerugian negara yang mengakibatkan menguntungkan pihak ketiga
b. kasus investasi PT Kereta Api merupakan contoh mengenai kemandirian direksi dalam pengambilan keputusan bisnis yang dianggap tidak tepat sehingga menimbulkan kerugian negara yang mengakibatkan menguntungkan pihak ketiga
F) akuntabilitas
Contoh :
a. proses legislasi yang berlangsung di DPR harus bertanggung jawab dalam manajemen pekerjaan terhadap masyarakatnya.
b. Dalam perusahaan jasa, diperhatikan pelaksanaan dan pertanggungjawabannya untuk menghasilkan laba yang diinginkan.

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Etiket Masyarakat di Era Globalisasi

Diposting oleh Febri Satryo

Minggu, 23 Oktober 2011

1. Penerapan Etiket di Masyarakat adalah
• Misalnya dalam makan, etiketnya ialah orang tua didahulukan mengambil nasi, kalau sudah selesai terus mencuci
• makan sambil menaruh kaki di atas meja dianggap melanggar etiket bila dilakukan bersama-sama orang lain,
• makan dengan tangan kanan,
• makan tidak boleh berdecap dan bersendawa
• Di Indonesia menyerahkan sesuatu harus dengan tangan kanan. Bila dilanggar dianggap melanggar etiket.
• mengucapkan salam ketika masuk ke rumah

2. Contoh Etika dan Sangsi Sosial yang Berlaku di Masyarakat adalah
- Bila ada sepasang kekasih yang belum menikah dan tinggal di satu rumah, maka akan mendapatkan sangsi berupa teguran atau usiran dari masyarakat.
- Di pedesaan sering kita jumpai bila ada saudara atau dari keluarga kita yang meninggal dunia,maka aka nada berupa pengajian selama 7 hari, dan selama itu pula keluarga yang ditinggalkan harus menyediakan makanan untuk pengajian tersebut,bila tidak bisa mengadakan pengajian dan menyediakan makanan tersebut maka keluarga tersebut akan jadi bahan perbincangan dari seluruh warga,maka dari itu sering mereka berhutang ke sana ke sini untuk bisa mengadakan acara pengajian tersebut.
- Bila ada warganya yang tertangkap berbuat hubungan suami istri di luar nikah, maka ada suatu daerah di jawa tengah langsung menghukum mereka dengan mengusir mereka dari desa mereka atau menikahkannya langsung mereka.

3. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan faham Hedonisme bila diterapkan di Era Globalisasi adalah
Kelebihan :
Perkembangan informasi akan sangat mudah didapat oleh remaja serta para penganut faham ini sehingga mereka tidak tertinggal informasi yang sedang berkembang saat ini, dan mereka akan sangat familiar dengan teknologi teknologi yang berkembang di saat ini sehingga mereka tidak akan kalah bersaing dengan dunia luar.
Kekurangan :
Hedonisme adalah pandangan hidup yang menganggap bahwa kesenangan dan kenikmatan materi adalah tujuan utama hidup. Bagi para penganut paham ini, bersenang-senang, pesta-pora, dan pelesiran merupakan tujuan utama hidup, entah itu menyenangkan bagi orang lain atau tidak. Karena mereka beranggapan hidup ini hanya sekali, sehingga mereka merasa ingin menikmati hidup senikmat-nikmatnya. di dalam lingkungan penganut paham ini, hidup dijalani dengan sebebas-bebasnya demi memenuhi hawa nafsu yang tanpa batas.
Bahwa hedonismee sebagai fenomena dan gaya hidup sudah tercermin dari prilaku mereka sehari-hari. Mayoritas pelajar berlomba dan bermimpi untuk bisa hidup mewah. Berfoya-foya dan nongkrong di kafe, mall dan plaza. Ini merupakan bagian dari agenda hidup mereka. Barangkali inilah efek negatif dari menjamurnya mall, plaza dan hypermarket lainnya. Mengaku sebagai orang timur yang beragama, namun mereka tidak risih bermesraan di depan publik . ini adalah juga gaya hidup mereka. Hal lain yang membuat hati kita gundah- menyimak berita pada televisi dan Koran-koran bahwa sudah cukup banyak pemuda-pemudi kita yang menganut paham hidup free sex dan tidak peduli lagi pada orang-orang sekitar. Hamil di luar nikah bukan jadi ‘aib lagi, malah sudah dianggap model karena para-para model mereka juga banyak yang begitu seperti digossipkan oleh media elektronik (TV) dan media cetak (majalah, Koran dan tabloid).
Gaya hidup hedonismee tentu ada penyebabnya. Ada banyak faktor ekstrinsik (faktor yang datang dari luar) yang memicu emosi mereka menjadi hamba hedonisme. Orang tua dan kaum kerabat adalah penyebab utama generasi mereka menjadi hedonisme.
Kecendrungan orang tua yang pro dengan gaya hidup hedonism, memandang anak bukan sebagai titipan Ilahi. Tapi memandang anak sebagai objek untk diotak atik. Sejak kecil anak sudah diperlakukan dengan hal yang aneh-aneh; anak dianggap lucu kalau rambutnya di gondrongkan, nyanyinya ya nyanyi tentang cinta- kalau perlu syair yang jorok. Katanya Sejak kecil anak didik bahwa shopping yang ngetren musti di mall, dan makanan yang bergizi adalah KFC atau burger. Orang tua yang pro hedonisme tidak begitu peduli dalam mengasah spiritual anak. Tidak heran kalau anak-anak mereka cenderung menjadi generasi free thingker atau generasi yang kurang diajar untuk mengenal Sang Khalik. Akibatnya mereka tumbuh jadi generasi yang rapuh, mudah putus asa dan mencari kambing hitam, bila ditimpa musibah “Aku sakit karena shio ku shio kuda, atau aku lagi sial gara-gara memakai kemeja merah ini”.
Sampai sekarang tetap orang, termasuk pelajar/generasi muda, memandang segala sesuatu yang berasal dari Barat sebagai hal yanh hebat. Pelajar merasa minder kalau ketahuan lebih mengidolakan lagu daerah, lagu Minang, dan lagu dangdut. Mereka harus mengidolakan lagu dan musisi dari barat. Poster-poster figur dari Barat, artis dan atlit, patut ditempel di kamar belajar. Kemudian tiap saat mengupdate atau mengikuti perkembangan beritanya; “ oh artis atau atlit dari klub itu lagi pacaran, yang ini mau cerai, yang itu punya mobil mewah, yang itu lagi bersenang-senang dengan kekasihnya di laut caribia….wah aku patut meniru gaya hidup nya”. Demikianlah pelajar dari dalam kamarnya menyerap gaya hedonisme dari info-info tentang figur-fugur idola yang menempel di dinding kamarnya dibandingkan figur-figur intelektual, pahlawan, pendidik dan tokoh spiritual lainnya.
Faktor bacaan dan tontonan memang dapat mencuci otak pelajar untuk menjadi orang yang memegang prinsip hedonisme. Adalah kebiasaan pelajar kalau pulang sekolah pergi dulu ke tempat keramaian, pasar, paling kurang mampir di kios penjualan majalah dan tabloid. Ada sejumlah tabloid dan majalah, ada untuk anak-anak, remaja, dan dewasa. Tabloid dan majalah untuk remaja ada yang punya tema tentang agama, olahraga, pendidikan, dan majalah/tabloid popular. Umumnya yang berbau agama dan pendidikan kurang laku. Yang paling laris adalah tabloid dan majalah remaja popular yang isinya banyak bersifat hura-hura- shopping dan kencan.

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TOEFL

Diposting oleh Febri Satryo

Rabu, 06 April 2011

The Test of English as a Foreign Language / TOEFL (pronounced /ˈtoʊfəl/ TOH-fəl), evaluates the ability of an individual to use and understand English in an academic setting. It sometimes is an admission requirement for non-native English speakers at many English-speaking colleges and universities. Additionally, institutions such as government agencies, licensing bodies, businesses, or scholarship programs may require this test. A TOEFL score is valid for two years and then will no longer be officially reported[1] since a candidate's language proficiency could have significantly changed since the date of the test. Colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent TOEFL score.
The TOEFL test is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS) and is administered worldwide. The test was first administered in 1964 and has since been taken by more than 23 million students. The test was originally developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics under the direction of Stanford University applied linguistics professor Dr. Charles A. Ferguson.[2]
Policies governing the TOEFL program are formulated with advice from a 16-member board. Board members are affiliated with undergraduate and graduate schools, 2-year institutions and public or private agencies with an interest in international education. Other members are specialists in the field of English as a foreign or second language.
The TOEFL Committee of Examiners is composed of 12 specialists in linguistics, language testing, teaching or research. Its main responsibility is to advise on TOEFL test content. The committee helps ensure the test is a valid measure of English language proficiency reflecting current trends and methodologies.
The Institutional TOEFL is administered by colleges and universities. The Educational Testing Service (ETS) sends the test materials which have been used either on the Friday Testing Program or the Saturday Testing Program to the college or university that administers the test. The college or university that administers the test uses the test score for the placement of the students who wish to enroll in an English as a Second Language (ESL) program or for admission purposes into the college or university regular programs. Other institutions, however, do not consider the Institutional TOEFL test results valid for admission to their own ESL or regular programs.
Although there is no passing or failing score for TOEFL, generally a score of 400 is considered low and a score of 600 or above excellent. Each college, university, or institution has its own TOEFL score admission requirement. The score required varies depending on the field of study (non-technical or technical) and the program (two-year, undergraduate or graduate) for which you are applying. A score of 400 or above for a two-year program, 500 or above for an undergraduate program, and 550 or above for a graduate program is generally required.
More than 2400 American colleges and universities require the TOEFL test scores from non-English speaking students in order to admit them to a program. In 1994-1995, more than 840,000 people registered worldwide for the test. The test is administered in 180 countries at more than 1275 test sites.
TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language. The test is designed to measure the English proficiency of non-English speaking people and is divided into three sections. The test is timed for each section and uses multiple-choice questions with four possible choices for each question.
Internet-based Test
Since its introduction in late 2005, the Internet-based Test (iBT) has progressively replaced both the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The iBT has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.
Although initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates had to wait for months, it is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries. The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills) and all tasks focus on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed during the iBT. The test cannot be taken more than once a week.

1. Reading
The Reading section consists of 3–5 passages, each approximately 700 words in length and questions about the passages. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the iBT require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.

2. Listening
The Listening section consists of six passages 3–5 minutes in length and questions about the passages. These passages include two student conversations and four academic lectures or discussions. A conversation involves two speakers, a student and either a professor or a campus service provider. A lecture is a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture stimulus is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. Each conversation is associated with five questions and each lecture with six. The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker attitude.

3. Speaking
The Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent tasks and four integrated tasks. In the two independent tasks, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideas clearly and coherently. In two of the integrated tasks, test-takers read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk. In the two remaining integrated tasks, test-takers listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material. Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation time before they have to begin speaking.

4. Writing
The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and consists of two tasks: one integrated task and one independent task. In the integrated task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker discuss the same topic. The test-taker will then write a summary about the important points in the listening passage and explain how these relate to the key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, test-takers must write an essay that states, explains, and supports their opinion on an issue, supporting their opinions or choices, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices.

Paper-based Test
In areas where the internet-based test is not available, a paper-based test (PBT) is given. Test takers must register in advance either online or by using the registration form provided in the Supplemental Paper TOEFL Bulletin. They should register in advance of the given deadlines to ensure a place because the test centers have limited seating and may fill up early. Tests are administered on fixed dates 6 times each year.

TOEFL Format
Paper-based Test (PBT) Internet-based Test (iBT)
Listening
30 minutes
Part A: Short dialogues
Part B: Long conversations
Part C: Mini-lectures Reading
60-100 minutes
3-5 passages (12-14 questions each)
Structure & Written Expression
25 minutes
Sentence completion (15 questions)
Error recognition (25 questions) Listening
60-90 minutes
4-6 lectures and academic discussions (6 questions each)
2-3 conversations (5 questions each)
Reading
55 minutes
(50 questions - approx. 5 passages) Speaking
20 minutes
6 tasks (2 independent, 4 integrated)
Writing TWE (Test of Written English)
30 Minutes
1 essay topic Writing
50 minutes
1 integrated task, 1 independent task

One of the sections of the test will include extra, uncounted material. Educational Testing Service includes extra material in order to pilot test questions for future test forms. When test-takers are given a longer section, they should give equal effort to all of the questions because they do not know which question will count and which will be considered extra. For example, if there are four reading passages instead of three, then three of those passages will count and one of the passages will not be counted. Any of the four passages could be the uncounted one.
Test scores
Internet-based Test
• The iBT version of the TOEFL test is scored on a scale of 0 to 120 points.
• Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a scaled score from 0 to 30. The scaled scores from the four sections are added together to determine the total score.
• Each speaking question is initially given a score of 0 to 4, and each writing question is initially given a score of 0 to 5. These scores are converted to scaled scores of 0 to 30.
Paper-based Test
• The final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677 and is based on three subscores: Listening (31–68), Structure (31–68), and Reading (31–67). Unlike the CBT, the score of the Writing section (referred to as the Test of Written English, TWE) is not part of the final score; instead, it is reported separately on a scale of 0–6.
• The score test takers receive on the Listening, Structure and Reading parts of the TOEFL test is not the percentage of correct answers. The score is converted to take into account the fact that some tests are more difficult than others. The converted scores correct these differences. Therefore, the converted score is a more accurate reflection of the ability than the correct answer score is.
Accepted TOEFL Scores.
Most colleges use TOEFL scores as only one factor in their admission process. Each college or program within a college often has a minimum TOEFL score required. The minimum TOEFL iBT scores range from 61 (Bowling Green State University) to 109 (MIT, Columbia, Harvard). A sampling of required TOEFL admissions scores shows that a total TOEFL iBT score of 74.2 for undergraduate admissions and 82.6 for graduate admissions may be required. It is recommended that students check with their prospective institutions directly to understand TOEFL admissions requirements. ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT and PBT scores.
20 TOEFL Tips
1. Familiarize yourself with the TOEFL format
Most countries now offer the Internet based TOEFL (iBT). A few offer only the paper-based test (PBT). Make sure you find out which test you will be taking before you start studying for the TOEFL. You cannot choose to take the paper based test if your country offers the iBT. One reason people experience exam stress is because they don't know what to expect before a test. Prevent stress on exam day by studying the format of the test in detail. ETS has very clear standards about the format of their test. This is why it is called a "standardized" test.
2. Research TOEFL score requirements
The TOEFL is required for any non-native English student who wants to go to a post-secondary school in the United States. Most people take the TOEFL in order to apply to a specific school or program. Before you begin studying, find out what the requirements are for the schools you are interested in going to. Remember that the scores for the paper based test are different than the scores for the iBT. Some schools will look at your scores from different sections. Each iBT section is scored out of 30. Many universities expect you to achieve higher writing skills than speaking skills. TOEFL scores are only valid for two years.
3. Learn academic English
TOEFL is used for a different purpose than other ESL tests. The TOEFL measures your ability to succeed in an American university or college. Other English-speaking countries also require TOEFL scores as a prerequisite for admission. You don't have to know about the business world as you do in the TOEIC test. Instead, you should concentrate on studying language that you would hear and see on campus and in the classroom. In other words, you should read textbooks, encyclopaedias, journals and research articles rather than advertisements and resumes. You won't need to know any background information about certain subjects, but it will help you to become familiar with the presentation and language used in academic material. You should also watch modern television and movies. If you have a friend who goes to an English university, go to class with him as often as you can. Borrow his books and hang out with his friends.
4. Use practice tests
The best way to prepare for the TOEFL is to practise doing the tests. If you are taking a TOEFL class, your teacher will provide you with plenty of material. If you are studying for the TOEFL on your own, you will have to purchase a few key resources. Find a textbook that has exercises, vocabulary, practice tests, CDs, and explanatory answers. You might not want to work through a book from front to back. Work on the sections that you find most challenging. Don't just rely on one book. You might have a book that is much easier than the official TOEFL. Look for free samples on the Internet to supplement your textbook. Make sure the question types are up to date.
5. Find a mentor
A reliable native English teacher who knows a lot about the TOEFL is one of the best resources a student can have. You will have many questions that your textbook can't answer for you. Frustrated students often give up. It is important that you have someone who will answer your questions and encourage you when you feel down. If you cannot afford a teacher or a tutor, find a student who has studied for the test before. Sometimes other students can give you excellent hints and help you with grammar questions. You might be able to help other students with their questions too. Teaching another person is a great way to learn. If you use Twitter, search for "TOEFL". You will find teachers and students to follow and network with. Join the TOEFL Group on MyEC. Provide support to others and share tips on finding free practice tests.
6. Build up your stamina
The TOEFL test takes a long time to write. If you are taking the paper based test it will take you about 2.5 hours. The iBT is much longer. You can expect to be at the computer for 4 hours. Many students have an attention span of about two hours. This is the maximum length of most classes. After this amount of time performance starts to weaken. If you keep your study sessions to one or two hours, your brain will not be prepared to work for four. Start off with short study sessions, and work up to longer ones. It is absolutely necessary that you get a good night's sleep before this test. You cannot afford to be tired.
7. Arrive prepared
If you arrive at the test centre with all of the things you need, you will feel calm and ready. When you are nervous, your memory does not work as well. Make sure you know exactly how to get to the test centre and where you can park. Bring the correct amount of money for parking. If you are writing the paper based test, you should have a number of pencils, a pencil sharpener and a few erasers that don't smudge. It is also important that your identification looks valid. If you have had problems with your ID before, make sure to bring a backup photo. Don't forget any paper work that ETS sends you to prove that you have registered.
8. Pace yourself
Plan to arrive at the test centre at least 30 minutes ahead of time. Wear a watch. This is especially important if you are taking the paper based test. Some exam rooms do not have clocks. The iBT has a clock on the screen, however, you should still wear a watch to make sure that you arrive on time! During the exam, watch your time very closely. Many students do poorly on the TOEFL because they spend too much time on difficult questions. There is no break between the Reading and Listening section. You will get a ten minute break after the first half before the Speaking section. You will only have a short time to write the essay. Spend some time planning and checking your writing.
9. Improve your typing skills
You will have to fill out your answers on the computer and type your essay. If you rely on a few fingers to type, consider improving your typing skills before taking the TOEFL. Make sure that you are confident typing on a QWERTY keyboard. If you aren't, search for typing practice drills online. Even if your typing skills are strong, try doing practice tests on other computers. Some students get so used to their own computer that they get nervous when they have to type on a new keyboard or use a different mouse on test day.
10. Become an expert note taker
You will be able to take notes in each section as you take the TOEFL iBT. Note taking is allowed because it is an important skill you need for taking university or college courses. As you study, practise taking notes on the main idea of what you read and hear as well as on the main details. Do this throughout your day as you listen to news reports, read websites, and watch TV. Create your own shorthand for frequently used words and phrases.
11. Answer every question
Never leave a question blank. Eliminate all of the answers you know are wrong and then make an educated guess. You have a 25% chance of getting the correct answer. When you finish a section or question, try to put it out of your mind. Whether you are reading, listening, or answering a question, put all of your concentration on the task at hand.
12. Secrets for the Reading section
The iBT does not test grammar separately as previous TOEFL tests did. You will still need to prove that you have a strong grasp of grammar in the speaking and writing sections. It is helpful to familiarize yourself with key academic vocabulary. There are helpful textbooks for this purpose. Keep in mind that you don't need to know every word in a reading passage to answer the questions. Practise reading without a dictionary close by. When it comes to the questions, concentrate on the areas that the questions pertain to. Skim through the passage, read the questions, then read for more detail. The questions usually come in the order they appear in the passage. Anticipate the type of questions you will be asked in this section. Many of the readings have a main idea question. You will be asked at least two vocabulary questions from each reading. You will also be asked some detailed questions and some inference questions. You will not have time to reread a whole passage. Share your own secrets for the TOEFL Reading section here.
13. Secrets for the Listening section
When you are practising for the listening sections, don't play the tape or CD more than once. On the real test you will only hear everything once. You have to train your ears to listen fully the first time. During the real exam, don't look back at a listening question after you have decided on an answer. You cannot change it. The clock will not start running until you start the answers. Learn to listen for main ideas, presentation (compare/contrast etc.), and key details. Share your own secrets for TOEFL listening section here.
14. Secrets for the Speaking section
It is okay to hesitate for a moment or two when it is time to respond. However, it is best to fill as much of the time as possible with your response. If you have a few extra seconds you can sum things up in a short conclusion. You will lose marks for poor pronunciation, so don't try to use big words that you can't say properly. You will also lose marks for improper use of vocabulary and idioms. Make sure you know how to use an expression properly before you try to use it on the exam. Share your own secrets for the TOEFL Speaking section here.
15. Secrets for the Writing section
Don't forget that you will have to make connections in the first part of the Writing section. Memorize phrases from practice tests that show you how to do this. The most important thing is to keep your writing simple and clear. You will not have access to a spell check function. Don't use vocabulary and punctuation that you are unsure of. Spend some time planning your essay before you write it. Your outline will save you time in the long run. When you practise for the essay, find a format that you are comfortable with. Use this format every time. For example, your thesis might always be in the third sentence of your introduction. You might always end your conclusion with a question. Make sure to use lots of examples to support your essay. Transitional words and phrases will make your writing easier to read. Memorize a list of these and practise typing them. Always leave time to review what you have written. Read your essay silently in your head as you check it. Share your own secrets for the TOEFL Writing section here.
16. Strengthen all 4 skills
Some people make the mistake of taking the test too soon. Perhaps your reading, listening, and writing skills are ready, but your speaking skills still need work. If you do very poorly on one section of the test, you will have to retake the entire test. You can't redo one section. Make sure that you are ready to take the whole test when you register.
17. Dress in comfortable clothing
Dress in comfortable layers on test day. You never know whether or not the test room will be cold or warm. Wear your favourite shirt. When you feel comfortable you perform better! Don't wear tight clothing. You have to sit in one place for a long time. Though you want to be comfortable, do take time to look your best on test day. In other words, dress for success.
18. Make sure to eat before the test
Four hours is a long time to go without a snack. You will not be allowed to bring any food or drinks into the test room with you. Eat a sensible meal before you take the test. Avoid too much caffeine as it will give you the shakes. Don't consume large amounts of sugar right before the test. You will get tired very quickly. Make sure that you have had plenty of water (but not too much as you will not want to waste time in the washroom).
19. Refer to the official TOEFL website
The official TOEFL website (www.toefl.com) has a number of helpful things that you can download for free. They will supply you with a list of writing topics for the essay. You can also find important information about test centres and test updates. Many of your questions can be answered here. You will also get hints about which resources are worth buying.
20. Reward yourself
After you take the exam, reward yourself for all of the time and effort you put into learning a second language! Treat yourself to a gift or a night out. No matter how well you did on the exam, you deserve a reward. Write down what your reward will be before you take the exam. It is always helpful to have something to look forward to.

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Verb Agreement

Diposting oleh Febri Satryo

1. Neither bill nor marry is going to the play tonight.
2. Anything is better than going to another movie tonight.
3. Skating is becoming more popular every day.
4. A number ofreporters were at the conference yesterday.
5. Everybody who has a fever must go home immediately.
6. Your glasses was on the bureau last night.
7. There were some people at the meeting last night.
8. The committe has already reached a decision.
9. A pairvof jeans were inthe washing machine this morning.
10. Each student has answered the first three questions.
11. Either john or his wife makes breakfast each morning.
12. After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything was in order.
13. The crowd at the basketball game were wild with excitement.
14. A pack of wild dogs have frightened all the ducks away.
15. The jury is trying to reach a decision.
16. The army has eliminated this section of the training test.
17. The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter are appaling.
18. There have been too many interruptions in this class.
19. Every elementary school teacher has to yake this examination.
20. Neither jill nor her parents has seen this movie before

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Verb as complement

Diposting oleh Febri Satryo

1. The teacher decided to accept the paper.
2. They approciate having this information.
3. His father doesn’t approve of this going to Europe.
4. We found it very dificult to reach a decision.
5. Donna is interested in opening a bar.
6. George has no interesion of leaving the city now.
7. We are eager to return to school in the fall.
8. You would be better off buying this car.
9. The refused To accept the gift.
10. Mary regrets to be the one to have to tell him.
11. George pretended to be sick yesterday.
12. Carlos hopes to finish his thesis this year.
13. They a greed to leave carly.
14. Helen was anxious telling her family about her promotion.
15. We are not ready to stop this research at this time.
16. Henry shouldn’t risk driving so fast.
17. He demands to know what is going on.
18. She is looking forward to return to her country.
19. There is no excuse for leaving the room in this condition.
20. Gerald returned to his home after leaving the game

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Past and Present Tense

Diposting oleh Febri Satryo

Minggu, 27 Februari 2011

Past Tense adalah bentuk kalimat dimana kalimat yang akan dipakai merupakan kalimat lampau (yang sudah terjadi) walaupun kejadianya baru 1 detik yang lalu, itu sudah dikatakan sebagai kalimat lampau.
Rumusnya adalah (S + V2)
Contoh :
1. She Played basketball last night
2. He saw me at party yesterday
3. It could be nice if you were here
Present Tense adalah bentuk kalimat dimana kalimat yang dipakai merupakan kalimat masa kini ( yang sedang terjadi) atau dengan kata lain kebalikan dari past tense.
Rumusnya adalah (S+V_ing)
Contoh :
1. They doing their homework
2. I am playing a game on my laptop
3. Loving ypu is the best gift from god for me

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Jenius adalah 1 % inspirasi dan 99 % keringat. Tidak ada yang dapat menggantikan kerja keras. Keberuntungan adalah sesuatu yang terjadi ketika kesempatan bertemu dengan kesiapan